The New Age Employee Essays -- American Red Cross Workers Essays

The New Age Employee The Human Resource issue that I will be discussing in my paper stems from the American Red Cross. The first, thing I will discuss is the organization’s external environment and then the HR department’s internal system. In the external environment of the American Red Cross, there are several issues affecting the organization. For example, the U.S population is becoming more diverse according to demographics. Also, the number of donors and volunteer’s is steadily decreasing, and the baby boomers are approaching the age of retirement. As a result, they will take with them, a large amount of the American Red Cross volunteer hours. Consequently, the American Red Cross is looking for volunteer’s to fill their offices nationwide. Internally there are also a lot of issues occurring within the organization’s human resource department. For instance, the new and younger employees coming into the organization, and they are expecting new ways of being recognized for their good work. As a result, the HR department is inventing new ways to accommodate these employees. Which requires the organization to actively go out and recruit employees. This is something that the organization has not encountered before. In my opinion, the American Red Cross should adapt to the changes in their external environment. Such as: the changes in the demographics of the employees within the organization and how those new employees affect the human resources department’s functions. Because, there are no longer just white men at the top of the organization; there are minorities and women that are in the corporate culture. As a result, it is the duty of an organization to adapt and change to its av... ...ix A. Nigro. (1994) 4th Edition.The New Public Personnel Administration. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. 2.) Dennis L. Dresang. (1999) 3rd Edition. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 3.) Library of Congress. (2000). Managing Human Resources: A Partnership Perspective. Author, Susan E. Jackson, Randall S. Schuler. South-Western College Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. 4.) Library of Congress. (2000). Managing Human Resources: A Partnership Perspective. Author, Susan E. Jackson, Randall S. Schuler. South-Western College Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. 5.) Llyod G. Nigro, Felix A. Nigro. (1994) 4th Edition.The New Public Personnel Administration. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. 6.)Dennis L. Dresang. (1999) 3rd Edition. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Reflection on Lifespan Development Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of my knowledge and understanding of lifespan development at the outset of course PSY 7210 Lifespan Development and at the courses’ end. In this paper I will explore lifespan development by identifying and discussing the stages of development, theoretical perspectives and research related to lifespan development. I will conclude with discussing how my knowledge and understanding of lifespan development can be applied within my specialization of Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology. Reflection on Lifespan Development As middle age lurked its unwanted presence I began to recognize how true and applicable the saying â€Å"life is too short† applied to almost everything the average middle-aged person set to accomplish. At age 42, I have no regrets in life. My parents set the stage for my desire for achievement and accomplishment, and I set out to do the same for my children. A person’s lifespan is their legacy; and I strongly believe that nothing happens by chance, all things happen as a consequence of some action. For example, my enrollment in this course was the consequence of years of work in a field that I no longer hold a passion. I started career as a high school girl’s basketball coach and somehow 22 years later managed to service 14 years in United States Air Force; two years as a State Correctional Officer; and seven years as a State Auditor. My academic career has seen me bounce from nursing to education and finally settling with business. My most important career as a mother is about to take new direction, as my youngest children begin their collegiate journey. So the question I asked myself was â€Å"What do I do now†? I recently obtained my Masters degree in Management and Leadership and was not sure I wanted to return to school so soon; however the profession that I’ve longed to do for so many years required additional  academic credentials. My love of teaching is why I decided to embark on my new academic journey. I have sailed through my lifespan with no regrets and surely do not want to tack any on so late in life. This course is my first course in psychology. The course material has been somewhat challenging because my background is not in psychology. My lack of foundational knowledge in psychology has required me to do a bit more than skim through scholarly literature. I feel I have a better understanding of lifespan development now than I did at the outset of this course, yet I know my journey into the world of psychology has only just begun. Lifespan Development Lifespan development is deals with understanding the growth, changes, and stability of behavior that occur throughout the lifespan. The field of lifespan development studies the patterns in physical development, cognitive development, and personality and social development that occur during the lifespan (Berk, 2007). The study of physical development examines the way in which the body’s makeup determines behavior. The study of cognitive development seeks to understand how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior. Personality development is the study of stability and change in the characteristics that differentiate one person from another. The study of social development examines the way in which individuals’ interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. Those who study lifespan development approach the field from different perspectives. These perspectives are based on various developmental theories. Six major theoretical perspectives are used in lifespan development: psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, cognitive perspective, humanistic perspective, contextual perspective, and evolutionary perspective. Although each has added significant value to the study of lifespan development, this paper will focus primarily on the psychodynamic, behavior, and cognitive perspectives. Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the inner person (Berk, 2007).  Supporters of the psychodynamic perspective believe that inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little control motivate behavior throughout the lifespan (Berk, 2007). The name that comes to mind when discussing the psychodynamic perspective is Viennese physician and theorist, Sigmund Freud. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Freud believed there are three aspects to the human personality: the id, ego and superego. The id is the part of personality that exists at birth. The id operates on what Freud calls the pleasure principle (Berk, 2007, p. 15), which drives the innate need to maximize good feelings and minimize bad feelings. The rational and reasoning aspect of personality is called the ego. The reality principle (Berk, 2007, p. 15) regulates the ego. Freud classified a person’s conscience as the superego. The superego guides a person through the journey between right and wrong. In addition to his theory on the different parts of human personality Freud also formulated theory to explain the manner in which personality develops during the lifespan. According to Freud (Berk, 2007) â€Å"psychosexual development occurs as children pass through a series of stages in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part.† The stages of Freud’s psychosexual development include the oral stage, the anal stage, and the phallic stage. The oral stage takes place during the first year of life. Freud believed during this stage all needs are satisfied orally or through the mouth; for example, eating and drinking. The anal stage takes place during the second year of life. During this stage the battle between control and letting go begins. The phallic stage takes place during the third and fifth years of life. During this stage a child develops a fixation with the genitals. Freud’s psychosexual stages focus on developmental changes in the first 5 years of life and transformation of the id. Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is also part of the psychodynamic perspective. According to Erikson (Berk, 2007) society and culture have an influence on human development. In contrast to Freud whose theory that proposed development was complete by adolescence (Berk, 2007), Erikson’s theory argues that development is continuous throughout the lifespan and occurs in eight stages. The first stage of development, trust  versus mistrust, occurs during infancy (birth to 1-year-old). During this stage if an infant’s basic needs are met by a responsive and attentive caregiver, the infant will begin to trust the caregiver, thus establishing the foundation for future trust relationships. In contrast if an infant does not receive enough or irregular care, or if caregivers are unresponsive, the infant can develop mistrust. The autonomy versus shame and doubt is the next stage, which occurs between the first and third years of life. According to Erikson successful development through one stage is essential for an individual to pass on to the next stage of development. For example, if an infant does not establish trust for it’s caregiver during the trust versus mistrust stage, then it will be difficult to establish a sense of autonomy (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the next stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage a child begins to develop its independence. Physical and cognitive growth and control during this stage afford a child the desire and ability to explore outside the comfort and security of his or her parental safe haven. Parents who are overprotective and do not allow their children to explore their independence risk their child developing issues with their self-esteem and confidence. If not allowed to explore independent of the parental structure a child could begin to doubt her ability and feel shameful for not being able to accomplish expected tasks. The initiative versus guilt stage occurs during early childhood. During this stage a child begins to develop social skills and learns to manage her behavior. The concept of what is right or wrong is factored into a child’s decision to exhibit certain behavior in social settings. Interaction with peers and individuals outside the family structure has a major influence on development during this stage. Guilt from further exploration of independence may occur if caregivers criticize the child’s methods of exploration. The industry versus inferiority stage is the development period that occurs during adolescence. During this stage of development adolescent self-awareness and intellectual skills are heightened (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). The identity versus role confusion is the stage of development in which adolescents explore self or role identity. The adolescent begins to define who she is and what she wants to do in life. In contrast to self-awareness adolescents may experience role  confusion during this stage. Some adolescents will have trouble establishing the level of self-understanding necessary for positive life direction. The intimacy versus isolation stage of development is the period of development where intimate relationships are formed; young adults develop meaningful friendship, fall in love, and establish relationship skills that will impact their ability to form future relationships. Adolescents who fail to establish a sense of trust for their environment may have trouble in establishing intimate relationships. The generativity versus stagnation stage of development occurs during middle adulthood. During this stage of development an adult begins to evaluate how her past and present behavior impact the lives of others, rather than focusing only on her personal wants and needs (life). The final stage of Erikson’s eight stages of development is the ego integrity versus despair stage, which occurs during late adulthood. This stage is the time for reflection. An adult evaluates life choices and assess whether goals and dreams were fulfilled or whether life choice have left her with regrets. Psychodynamic theory centers on development relative to the unconscious mind. Freud argues that development is complete by adolescence and that unconscious behavior affects development; where as Erikson suggests development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan and occurs in eight stages. Each theorist has contributed important information to the understanding of lifespan development. According to Berk (2010), psychoanalytical theory provides a strong basis for understanding past behavior but does not do a very good job with predicting future behavior. Behavioral Perspective Behavioral theorists argue that individuals do not pass through stages of development but rather development is based on observable behaviors influenced by stimuli in the individuals’ environment (Feldman, 2006). Furthermore behavioral theorist suggests that nurture rather than nature is more significant to human development. The behavioral perspective views development from a more personal perspective. Unlike psychoanalytical theorists that believe each person will pass through the same stage of development at approximately the same stage in life; behavioral theorists  believe that development is different for each person, given that each person will respond to her environment in a different way. Behaviorism rejects the psychoanalytical theory of studying the unconscious mind to understand human development (Feldman, 2006). Behaviorism focuses on things that can be seen – social and cultural cues, human action and reaction and other observable aspects of the external environment. Unlike psychoanalytical theorist who believed that development is discontinuous – occurring in distinct stages; behavioral theorists believe that development is a continuous process – gradual levels of achievement building on previous level (Feldman, 2006). Research conducted by Psychologist Ivan Pavlov, John Watson and B. F. Skinner set the foundation for Behaviorism. Through Pavlov’s research with dogs the principle of classical conditioning was discovered. Pavlov found that he could acquire the same behavior from the dog (salivation) produced by a specific stimulus (food) by associating the original stimulus with another stimulus (a bell) (Santrock, MacKenzie-Rivers, Malcomson & Ho Leung, 2011). Watson conducted similar research involving the principle of classical conditioning except he used human beings as his test subjects. Watson conducted an experiment where he gave an infant a rat to assess he fear of the creature. Once it was determined that the infant was not afraid a loud noise was sounded each time the infant was allowed to play with the rat. The noise did frighten the infant. After this coupling of the rat and loud noise was accomplished a few times the infant began to develop a fear of not only the loud noise but also the rat. Watson concluded that the infant’s fear of the rat was the result of classical conditioning (Santrock et al., 2011). Skinner took a different approach to his research and set out to understand the principle of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning suggest that certain behaviors are associated with certain consequences, for example, if a parent wants a child to behave the parent could give the child some type of reward that would induce good behavior. Most are familiar with the later principle of operant conditioning; many aspects of human behavior are controlled by some type of reward and punishment system (Santrock et al, 2011). Cognitive Perspective The cognitive perspective focuses on the development of human understanding.  Cognitive theory is constructed around the conscious mind rather than the unconscious mind (psychoanalytical theory). Theories that have added value to cognitive perspective are Piaget’s cognitive development theory, Vygotsky’s socio-cultural cognitive theory, and the information-processing approach. This paper will only touch on Piaget’s cognitive development theory. Piaget’s theory states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development (Santrock et al., 2011, p. 40). The four stages are the sensorimotor stage—use of the senses and movements in infancy to explore the world; preoperational stage – use of words and images, symbolic but illogical thinking of preschool aged children; concrete operational stage—organized logic and reasoning of school-aged children; and formal operational stage—complex, abstract reasoning system of the adolescent and adult (Berk, 2007, p. 19). The four stages involve a pattern or organization and adaptation. Individuals’ organize past experiences in a manner that helps them understand the world, while adapting to new experiences. Piaget suggests that this process of organization and adaptation is continuous throughout the lifespan because the way human beings think is in constant evolution. As we age our experiences grow, as does our brain. For example, a child perception of where babies come from will no doubt change over the course of his or her lifetime, yet if you ask a child where babies come from the child will try to associate what he or she understands about babies to answer your questions. The common response usually has to do with two people loving each other; yet many find as they get older love has very little to do with where babies come from. The cognitive perspective contributed to lifespan development the concept that learning begins well before human beings can formulate words. Where an infant will use its body and immature sound to communicate its needs an adult will use reasoning and logic to get its way. Stages of Lifespan Development Development throughout the lifespan is divided into periods: the prenatal period (conception to birth); infancy period (birth to three years old); early childhood (three to six years old); middle childhood (six to 12 years  old): adolescence (12 to 20 years old); early adulthood (20 to 40 years old); middle adulthood (40 to 60 years old); and late adulthood (60 years old to death). Each period is characterized with specific physical and cognitive growth and developmental changes. This part of the paper will define each period of development and examine theory and research relative to the period. Prenatal Development The importance of preconception health has been far overlooked. As the mother of three, when my spouse and I began to discuss the possibility of having a baby one of my first thoughts was whether I was healthy enough to conceive. I believe once an individual or couple make the decision to conceive the importance of his or her (their) preconception health is removed from the equation, even though preconception health has a major impact on prenatal development. There is not much research on the importance of preconception health and care; however, over recent years with an increase in adolescent pregnancy and pre-term births that has changed drastically (Dean, Bhutta, Mason, Howson, Chandra-Mouli, Lassi & Iman, 2012). Proper health care prior to conception will improve the chances for successful prenatal development. The prenatal period encompasses the most rapid phase of development of our lives, beginning as a single cell and ending as a newborn baby emerging into the world (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p.41). The prenatal period sets the foundation for future development. The prenatal period begins with conceptions and ends with birth. The prenatal period is divided into three stages: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage (as cited in Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 42). In the germinal period the sperm fertilizes the egg. The union of the sperm and egg takes place in the fallopian tubes. During ovulation an egg is released from the ovary and enters the fallopian tubes. Sperm journey up the fallopian tube to meet the egg. This meeting results in the formation of a single-celled organism called a zygote. The zygote journeys down the fallopian tube to the uterus where it implants. The germinal period last approximately 2 weeks. The embryonic stage begins during the middle of the second week and concludes at the end of the eighth week, at which time the physical appearance of the  embryo is clearly human (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 43). The embryonic stage is considered the most critical stage of prenatal development. It is during this time that all the major organs of the body begin to form. At the conclusion of this stage the embryo is transformed into the fetus. The fetal stage follows from the end of the embryonic stage, beginning at nine weeks and ending with the onset of labor and birth of the baby (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 44). During this stage the fetus head, eyes, genitals, fingers and toes all under go massive growth. .r The image of a human being is undeniably visible. The prenatal period is the most vulnerable period of human development. Not only is the physical health of the parents important to fetal development but the prenatal environment (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) also has an impact on prenatal development. The prenatal environment is a blend of both internal and external parts; the internal being the mother’s womb and the external all elements outside the womb – physical environment and social and cultural factors (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Research has long debated the influence nature versus nurture has on prenatal development. The question remains how much of development is influenced by genetics (nature) and how much is influenced by environment (nurture) (Slater & Lewis, 2006). It would make sense to view the prenatal period as being heavily influenced by genetics; however environmental factors actually influence development just as much as genetics. There is a clear balance between genetic and environmental influences during prenatal development. Genetics direct physical growth and development, where as environmental factors influence physical growth and development. These environmental factors called teratogens can cause serious damage during prenatal development. Environmental substances and agents (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) such as alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs cause serious harm to an unborn fetus. Women who consume alcohol during pregnancy are at risk of having an infant who suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome. Mothers who use tobacco products during pregnancy risk having a pre-term baby or infant with low birth weight. Environmental factors also include socioeconomic and cultural factors. Women who live in low-income communities are at risk of not getting enough to eat or proper medical care during pregnancy. Poor  nutrition and inadequate medical care could result in pre-term birth or infant low birth weight. Stress is also an environmental factors. Women who are subjected to daily distress can pass the effects of stress onto their unborn child. Children born to mothers who suffered from depression and other stress related issues were found to be emotional, psychological and developmentally challenged. Children who suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder present an example of how maternal stress during pregnancy can impact the physical development. Adequate nutrition, routine medical care and maternal psychological and emotional well being are essential to reduce the influence external factors have on prenatal development. How a fetus develops during the prenatal period will have a immense impact on the subsequent periods of development. Infancy The infancy period of human development begins at birth and ends at the approximate age of three. Parent-child bonding is essential during the infancy period. Infancy is the period of development in which a human being relies completely caregivers for all its basic needs, as such, infancy is marked as the period in which human beings develop trust for others and for their environment. According to Erikson (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) during this period infants must resolve the crisis of trust versus mistrust (p. 9). Human beings undergo a significant amount of physical and cognitive development during the infancy period. During infancy, interaction with caregivers sets the emotional foundation for all future relationships. Cognitive, motor, and social/emotional development are also developmental milestones that occur during the infancy period. Many ‘first-time’ developmental events occur during infancy. Infants’ learn various skills such as crying, nursing and coordination; these learned skills ensure the infants’ ability to satisfy his/her attachment needs by soliciting the nurturing attention from caregivers. During infancy an emotional and physical attachment is established between an infant and its caregiver(s). According to Bowlby (Delius, Bovenschen, Spangler, 2008; Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) attachment theory is the theory of social-emotional development; where infants develop a bond with the primary caregiver(s) and a sense of security within their environment. The attachment relationship that develops between infant and caregiver will set the foundation for all  future relationships, as such, any deviation from a healthy attachment relationship can have an adverse affect on the infants future relationships. A study by Bates, Maslin, & Frankel (Year), found a direct correlation between a child’s ability to self-regulate his/her behavior and the mother-child attachment relationship established during infancy. Early Childhood Human infants are the most vulnerable and helpless of any other species at birth; however cognitive, physical and emotional development during the infancy period is what helps bring the human infant to developmental par. Early childhood is the period of development where extensive cognitive, emotional, physical and social growth occurs. The early childhood period begins at age three and last until around six years old. The early childhood period marks the start of school for most children. Children begin to explore their environment and reach for more autonomy and independence. Cognitive skills continue to develop and children begin to develop a sense of self during early childhood. Children begin to learn the physical differences between self and others. Children learn social appropriateness and begin the journey of peer interaction. During this stage children may experience behavior problems as they attempt to develop their social skills and independence. It’s during this st age that children begin to interact more frequently with individuals outside the family structure. Exposure to other children, cultures, values and environments can have a negative impact on a child’s behavior. Middle Childhood The middle childhood period begins at age six and ends around the age of 12 or 13. For most children, middle childhood begins the journey to independence and self-awareness/actualization. Children begin to develop concrete likes and dislikes. Boys show signs of increased gross motor coordination and girls show signs of increased fine motor coordination. At this time some children will begin playing sports or participate in extracurricular activities such as music lessons, little league or girls scouts. Emotional and biological changes and continued cognitive development also occur during middle childhood. The onset of puberty is common during middle childhood. Children develop gender specific role  identities and sexual identity/orientation may also develop. Middle childhood also marks the beginning of peer pressure and self-esteem issues. Adolescence Adolescence can be a very emotional and challenging period of development. It begins around the age of 12-13 and last until age 20. Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood. Individuals continue to aggressively reach for more independence from family. Adolescence is marked with more physical changes/development. For late bloomers, the onset of puberty may not occur until adolescence. Identity and gender conflict are common issues of adolescence. Adolescence continues the exploration of sexuality (sexual preference and sexual orientation). Culture begins to have a significant influence on gender role identity. In many cultures, adolescence marks the ascension into adulthood. Adolescence can be a time of great conflict when cultural views on gender roles and identity do not match with a child’s maturity level. Parents and authority figures begin to few adolescents as pseudo-adults. Parental expectations are high and some adolescents do not possess a level of maturity that meets parental standards. The conflict of almost being an adult can cause rebellious and risky behavior in some adolescents. Adolescents are more prone to illegal substance use, violent behavior, illegal behavior, and sexual promiscuity. Erikson suggests that adolescence is the stage of development that is plagued with the most crises and success through this stage requires a healthy and stable environment. Early Adulthood Early adulthood begins around the age of 20 and last well into the 40s. Early adults are focused on friendships, intimate relationships, child bearing and careers. During early adulthood a person might experience physical, emotional or psychological issues such as depression or chemical dependency. Physical development is at its peak by early adulthood; however cognitive skills continue to develop. Individuals begin to take on new roles and identities in their personal and professional lives. Morals and values begin emerge (independent of parental influences). One of the major milestones of early adulthood is falling in love. An individuals’ ability to successfully develop and maintain an intimate adult relationship will  depend significantly on the attachment relationships developed during infancy. According to Broderick & Blewitt (2010) childhood attachment theory provides a useful framework for conceptualizing adult intimacy (p. 382). Erikson’s sixth stage of development, intimacy versus isolation is another theoretical view on the process of establishing intimate relationships in early adulthood. Erikson suggests (Broderick & Blewitt, 20100) that young adults are internally driven to establish intimate relationships by their need for generativity (p. 381). Middle Adulthood Middle adulthood begins at the age of 40 and last until the age of 60-65. Middle adulthood marks the time of new beginnings for a lot of people. Middle age finds many people divorced, starting new careers, going back to school and even starting families for the first or second time. Stay at home parents are entering the workforce for the first time or returning back to work after raising their family. Middle adulthood marks the beginning of the loss of friends and family due to illness (death). Middle adulthood brings changes in physical appearance and ability (menopause, hair loss, impotence†¦). Individuals begin to find a sense of community during middle adulthood; volunteering their time and resources for various community and/or humanitarian causes. Health issues are also a factor during middle adulthood. The onset of physical and emotional illness has a significant impact on the quality of life during middle adulthood. According to Erikson, individuals experience the seventh stage of development, generativity versus stagnation, during middle adulthood. Generativity refers to an individuals need to guide and mentor younger generations to leading and developing meaningful lives, in contrast to stagnation which refers to an individuals feeling he or she has done nothing to give back to or help the next generation. Late Adulthood Late adulthood begins around the age of 60-65 and last until death. More physical and health related issues occur during late adulthood. Loss of friends and family to illness and natural causes is more frequent and common during late adulthood. Changes in cognitive ability due to mental illness (dementia, Alzheimer’s) manifest during late adulthood. Late adulthood marks the time of retirement for many individuals. Late adulthood marks the period of senescence – the process of aging (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). As an individual gets older changes in food consumption and metabolism result in changes in weight. Also, changes in of the tissue and bone density in addition to compression of the spinal cord result in changes in height. As the body begins to degenerate an individual is more susceptible to illness and disease. More common physical changes of aging include hair, hearing and tooth loss, and wrinkling and reduced physical strength. Developmental changes in the brain are also part of the aging process. During middle to late adulthood an individual will begin to experience some loss of memory (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). It becomes difficult to remember minor details of past and/or immediate events. Other effects of aging include changes in mental health. Many older individuals suffer from chronic mental illnesses such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. As an individual gets older he or she may find it difficult to physically do many of the things he or she did during adolescence or middle adulthood. Because of these new age imposed restrictions many individuals experience and/or suffer from mental and emotional illness. Getting older can limit or change a persons’ social life, as such, many people become discourage and/or depressed because of physical limitation due to aging. During late adulthood individuals enter Erikson’s eight stage of development, integrity and despair. According to Erickson for most individuals late adulthood is a time for reflection. An individual looks back upon his or her life to access whether life was good and filled with happiness or whether life is laced with countless regret. Knowing what I know – Applying Lifespan Development to Industrial-Organizational Psychology Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology is the study of the workplace. I-O psychologist apply methods of psychology to issues of business, talent management, coaching, assessment, selection, training, organizational development, performance, and work-life balance (www.siop.org, nd). â€Å"Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychologists study human behavior in the workplace. I/O psychology is an applied discipline that seeks to improve organizational behavior, attitudes, performance, and results. I/O psychologists are trained in the disciplines of organization change and  development, leadership effectiveness, work motivation, training and employee development, human performance improvement, job analysis, performance appraisal, personnel selection research, test development, research methods, and statistics. I/O psychologists are employed in business and industry, consulting firms, non-profit organizations, government agencies, the military, and academe. Through their research and performance improvement interventions, I/O psychologists improve the bottom line of the organization by helping the organization’s leaders select the right people, train and develop people effectively, motivate employees, improve individual and group performance, and reward empl oyees appropriately† (http://www.latech.edu, nd) So how can studying lifespan development benefit the professional career of an I-O psychologist? My ultimate professional goal is to teach at the university level. But while I work my way towards gaining the knowledge and skills necessary for a career in academics I would like to direct my attention to making the workplace a better place for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. As a member of the LGBT community I have witness blatant acts of discrimination against LGBT employees and watched some many tolerate a hostile and unhealthy work environment. I would like to help organizations establish programs that educate employees about the LGBT community, specifically the psychology aspect of coming out. For many of my LGBT colleagues’ coming out is a two-fold process; a person first comes out to family and friends and then must make the decision of coming out in the workplace. The psychological trauma associated with coming out in the workplace has an impact, not only on the person coming out, but on the organization as a whole. I believe educating employees about self—personal morals, values and religious beliefs is a good place to start in the fight against LGBT workplace discrimination. It is the personal morals, values, and religious beliefs that allow people to form opinions about LGBT individuals. So how will I apply my knowledge of lifespan development? Through my study of lifespan psychology I gained a better understanding of how the varies stages of life can influence how a person thinks or reacts to a situation. There is no right age of coming out and in my experience coming out can happen in any stage of life. The knowledge I gained about the various stages of life will help me in developing a program geared  around these stages. I would also like to provide career counseling for LGBT youth. The adolescent years are already a confusing time, coupled with the idea that one might be homosexual; this may leave some LGBT youth in limbo about what they want to do with their lives. Current LGBT youth programs are geared towards helping youth understand their sexuality, but drop the ball on helping the individual understand how to live as an openly gay adult. Overall the knowledge I gained from this course will help me to better understand why human being do the things they do and how I can help them do things better. I have a better understanding of the various changes that occur throughout the lifespan and as an I-O psychologist I can apply this knowledge to improving the workplace for individuals in all stages of life. References Baltes, B. B., & Dickson, M. W. (2001). Using Life-Spa Models in Industrial-Organizational Psychology: The Theory of Selective Optimization With Compensation. Applied Development Science. 5(1), 51-62. Benson, P., Galbraith, J., & Espeland, P. (1994). What kids need to succeed: Proven, practical ways to raise good kids. Minneapolis: Free Spirit Publishing. Berk, L. E. (2007). Development through the lifespan. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Berkowitz, M., & Grych, J. (1998). Fostering goodness: Teaching parents to facilitate children’s moral development. Journal of Moral Education, 27(3), 371-391. Bono, G. & Froh, J. (2009). Gratitude in school: Benefits to students and schools. In R. Gilman, E, Huebner, & M. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in the schools (pp. 77-88). New York: Routledge. Broderick, P. C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The Life Span: Human development for helping professionals (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2002). From infant to child: The dynamics of cognitive change in the second year of life. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 250-277. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.250 Dean, S., Bhutta, Z., Mason, E. M., Howson, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., Lassi, Z., & Iman, A., (2012). Care before and between pregnancy (Born to Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth). Retrieved from The Partnership fro Maternal, Newborn and Child Health website: http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index.html Feldman, R. S. (2006). Development across the life span. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102(2), 284-304. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.284 Hepper, P. G., (2006). Prenatal Development. In A. Slater & M. Lewis (Eds.), Introduction to Infant Development (pp. 41-62). Retrieved from http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199283057/slater_chap03.pdf Huitt, W. (2010). A holistic view of education and schooling: Guiding students to develop capacities, acquire virtues, and provide service. Paper presented at the 12th Annual International Conference sponsored by the Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER), May 24-27, Athens, Greece. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/holistic-view-of-schooling.pdf Louisiana Technical University, (nd). What is I-O Psychology. Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.latech.edu/education/psychology/graduate/industrial_organizational_psychology/internship/Brochure.pdf McElwain, N. L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Wu, X. (2011). Infant–mother attachment and children’s friendship quality: Maternal mental-state talk as an intervening mechanism. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1295-1311. doi:10.1037/a0024094 McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. r., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., HÃ…â„¢ebà ­Ã„ kovà ¡, M., Avia, M. D., & †¦ Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(1), 173-186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 Rothbart, M. K., & Ahadi, S. A. (1994). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 55-66. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.55 Santrock, J., MacKenzie-Rivers, A., Malcomson, T., & Ho Leung, K. (2011). Life-Span Development (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Pyerson.

Child Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem - 1509 Words

Child abuse is a worldwide problem. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, it is interpreted as any recent act of failure to act the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, which is an action or the failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Abuse comes in many forms such as: emotional, physical, sexual, verbal and neglect. Neglect is the failure to care properly; It has been proven as the most common form of maltreatment. Furthermore, some foresee physical abuse is just getting bruised up or thrown around or hurt in an aggressive way; however, physical abuse can not only be physically traumatizing, but also emotionally traumatizing. Physical assaults are usually paired with verbal insults and unreasonable expectations. Although it is difficult to detect a child abuser, the problem is more frequent than many people think and abuse of a minor in any way is extremely perv erse. Many problems of child abuse are demonstrated in various manners, all which are horrendous, but some worse than others. Detecting that a child is living in an unsafe environment or being harmed in any way is very difficult. This is why there are so many children being hurt today. Abuse can take place in a child s home, in organizations, schools or communities that children interact with. Abuse to a child in any way can in fact affect the children in their futures. For example, â€Å"An infantShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem1037 Words   |  5 Pagesafraid to go home because of what awaits. Child abuse is a worldwide problem and it doesn’t matter what age, religion, gender, or ethnicity you are, it happens everywhere. It is neglecting, emotional, physical, and sexual maltreatment. Child abuse has serious physical and psychological consequences which affect the health and overall well-being of a child. There are different forms of maltreatment, abuse can resu lt in bad consequences, check for signs of abuse, the statistics, and how people can helpRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem2453 Words   |  10 PagesChild abuse is a worldwide problem needing to be solved. It is seen in powerful pieces of fiction that through themes and actions, it is possible to highlight the wrong in society and therefore can draw action towards the cause. The Bone People is largely based on the family dynamics of the New Zealand people and a large subsection of this family life is focused on the abuse the child, Simon, receives from his father, Joe. The violence in The Bone People by Keri Hulme demonstrates the violent historyRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem2002 Words   |  9 PagesChild abuse is defined as maltreatment or neglect of a child by a parent or other caregiver that results in potential or actual harm or threats of harm to a child. Child abuse encompasses both acts of commission and omission. The former being abuse, and the latt er being neglect (Anim, 2014). Child abuse is divided into four types, first is physical abuse such as hitting, kicking, shaking, or burning; sexual abuse; emotional abuse and lastly neglect, which involves the failure to meet a child’s basicRead MoreChild Abuse Is The Worst Thing That Can Be Stopped899 Words   |  4 PagesCentral Idea: Child abuse is generally the worst thing that can happen to a child, and a country. In Nigeria, there are a lot of people who say that they do not condone it, but in essence, they do. They encourage it even though they claim they do not. This act of wickedness has been the order of the day in this country and people literarily turn deaf ears to it. They pretend it’s not there but it is. My aim is to make my audience see reasons why this is so and how it can be stopped. I. Introduction:Read MoreChild Abuse Is The Worst Thing That Can Be Stopped1068 Words   |  5 PagesChild Abuse in Nigeria Uzuazokaro Anthony Eli Bacon Thursday 11:10am Central Idea: Child abuse is generally the worst thing that can happen to a child, to a country people say, but they just say it; especially in Nigeria where they encourage it even if they do not agree that they do. This act of wickedness has been the order of the day in Nigeria and people turn deaf ears to it. They pretend it’s not there but it is. My aim is to give my audience a breakdown of what goes on Nigeria that resultsRead MoreDomestic violence1229 Words   |  5 Pagesdomestic violence are killed.† (Domestic Violence: Disturbing Facts about Domestic Violence). Domestic violence is a crime that is not just committed in the United States, but worldwide. This crime is committed every day, every hour, every minute, and every second. Anybody can be a victim or the abuser. This can happen to any child, man or woman. This is a horrific crime. Women are more likely to be the victim in domestic violence than men. â€Å"Forty-five percent of all violent attacks agains t female victimsRead MoreLooking at Types of Child Abuse1768 Words   |  7 Pages† This quote is from Dave Pelzer’s novel, A Child Called â€Å"It†. This quote is referring to, the idea that a child should feel like he/ she could do anything in their childhood, without worrying about any problems going on in the world or in his/her parents lives. Child abuse has been happening worldwide for many years and still is. For this reason, the desire to prevent this issue can be realized through the aid of organizations such as CAPA (Child Abuse Prevention Association) as well as through theRead MoreThe Legal Repercussions Of Child Abuse1112 Words   |  5 PagesChild abuse. A term that most of us believe to be aware of, but one ought to wonder, are we really aware of it? how one recognises child abuse ?, What are the legal repercussions of child abuse ? How common is it in countries less developed? Is it common in the United States? Does it intervene with â€Å"old style† parenting? What entities provide such information? Well before answering any of this question is imperative to acknowledge the very basic of such topic. The webpage Childabuse.org (a governmentalRead MoreChild Abuse and Sex Trafficking Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesto watch at same time. Other time was a small child walking to the bus stop with no people and a few blocks on a busy street and finally a man came up to her. That bothers me wondering he is a bad or good person which still haunts me. My problem is I have no cell phone to call or to take picture which is worth a thousand words that led me to wonder how common is child abuse, sex trafficking and what are we dealing with. It is a ongoing worldwide problem and very profitable for the crime organizationsRead MoreChild Victims of Domestic Violence1341 Words   |  6 PagesЕssay Child victims of domestic violence Family today are unfortunately less as a fundamental unit of a healthy society. Almost all countries in the world are faced with the inability to determine the number of victims of kriminalitetot, and especially when such women. According to UN studies, women are the most frequent victims of sexual violence (50%) attacks of personality (10%) and other attacks on property (10%). For nasilonichkiot kriminalitet family largely lacks

The Development of Personal Autonomy Essay - 3368 Words

Independence or personal freedom is an aspect that most individuals seek in their lives. Although some individuals may need the help of others in order to gain these features, others are already endowed with autonomous thoughts and reflect it in their behavior. Deci Ryan (2009) claim that autonomy is one of the basic and universal psychological needs that is necessary for the well-being and flourishing of all people. The development of autonomy comes in different forms for all people. The research discussed throughout this paper will reveal and evaluate how autonomy develops in individuals and whether showing autonomous behavior is positive or negative. Primary Issues Autonomy The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic†¦show more content†¦Persons who are employed in medical careers, like nursing, must display autonomous behavior because it provides motivation for them to make decisions without requiring permission from somebody (Senturan et al., 2012). On the other hand, those who display low levels of autonomous behavior will often become submissive towards others and may show signs of obedience when it comes to decision making and protecting their personal independence. These people may be coerced into performing actions or behaviors that they would not normally do such as a person who is an accomplice to a criminal act. I display high levels of autonomous behavior due to the fact that I usually set goals for myself that require no help from others and after these goals are complete, my sense of well-being has increased tremendously. Theoretical Perspective Humanistic Perspective The humanistic approach to psychology is an organization of different thoughts in which the interests of humans and their values and/or beliefs are of main importance (Schultz Schultz, 2009). The term humanistic relays the notion that all human beings have the potential for growth and that no one is purposely bad or unworthy (Carver Scheier, 2012). In contrast to psychoanalytical psychologists, humanistic psychologists tend to focus on the strengths of human behavior and not the aspects that make an individual’sShow MoreRelatedAutonomy: A Personality Trait1655 Words   |  7 PagesAutonomy The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic that many individuals seek to find throughout their life. The term autonomy originates from the Greek words auto (self) and nomos (law) and means self-management (Senturan, Kose, Sabuncu, Ozhan, 2012). Individuals who experience the characteristic of autonomy during their lives will often have an intense desire for their personal freedom and will set moderate goals for themselves that will enhance their well-being and independence. RadelRead More The Homeless are Not Legitimate Members of a Community Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesI will first argue that the homeless are not legitimate autonomous members of a community. Second that the community as a whole has a moral obligation to extend membership to the homeless by meeting their need for a home, and so legitimize their autonomy within the community. A moral community can most practically be defined as â€Å"†¦an entity constituted by all those people who have to work out meaningful ways of living together (Ethics 98). It is the process of participants gaining access intoRead MoreSelf Determination Theory ( Sdt ) Is A Macro Theory Of Human Motivation1167 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro-theory of human motivation concerned with the development and functioning of personality within social contexts. In order for subjects to be considered â€Å"healthy†, they will exhibit high levels of autonomy, competence, and relatedness†. (Deci Ryan, 2008). Humans have studied the idea of motivation as how to make themselves or others reach a specific goal, or find energy to act in front of a struggle in life. Such struggles include grades, evaluationsRead MoreAutonomy Means Behaving And Thinking Independently Of Others1528 Words   |  7 PagesAutonomy means behaving and thinking inde pendently of others (Woo, 2014). As per Oxford dictionary (2014), autonomy is â€Å"the right or condition of self-government†; â€Å"Independence†; â€Å"Freedom from external control† and as per Webster dictionary, autonomy is â€Å"the state of acting separately from others†; â€Å"the state of being self-governing†. So, autonomous people are considered as self-directed, self-controlled and having the capacity to choose their own destiny. In the childhood context, autonomy meansRead More Relational Dialectics: A Research Report Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesRelational Dialectics Theory refers to the book titled A Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Steve Duck. The title A Dialectical Perspective on Communication Strategies in Relationship Development, written by Lesile Baxter, presents the basic strategies for an ideal relationship . The theories in which Baxter discusses describe the communication actions that a coulpe must use to es tablish, maintain, and dissolve their personal relationships. Contradiction is the central concept of relationalRead MoreSelf Determination And Actualization Of Human Potential Deci988 Words   |  4 Pagesnature to strive for growth and inner organization† and to become aware and mindful, or Full functioning. If people are able to use past experiences for future situations their functionality is already increasing leading toward personal development and the achievement of personal goals. When faced with a difficult situation, using past knowledge of personality types and how you interact with them can lead to a smoother experience this time around, using self-regulation to avoid conflict and attain aRead MoreErik Erikson s Explanation Of Psychosocial Development1504 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson s explanation of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. The term psychosocial development is the pattern of change in emotions, personality and social relationship (â€Å"A Child’s World† 10). Erikson believed that the achievements and failures of earlier stages influence later stages, whereas later stages change and transform earlier ones. His theory shows the impact on social relationships throughout one’s entire life. Each individualRead MoreMy Childhood, Freedom, By Daniel H. Pink1056 Words   |  5 PagesIn my childhood, freedom was never a choice. Going to school, working with my father and struggling to live in a crowed home was everyday life for me. My parents were not bad people, though they failed to give their children autonomy. Throughout the beginning of the fall semester I have been captivated by the book we have been reading known as Drive, written by Daniel H. Pink. Pink has revealed a new way of parental education, which maybe a success. Drive is based on motivation and its complex characteristicsRead MoreSelect A Concept- Autonomy Within Nursing1471 Words   |  6 P agesSelect a concept- Autonomy in Nursing In today’s ever-changing healthcare delivery that uses patient as centered model there are issues concerning the understanding autonomy in the nurse-patient relationship. Autonomy is view as a relevant element in providing advanced nursing care to the patients, and improving the health outcomes. There are unclear descriptions in the literature about what the autonomy may be in the nursing context which results in conflicts and rejections of patient’s adherenceRead MoreTeen Suicide1415 Words   |  6 Pagesteenagers. Cognitive and identity development and seeking autonomy are all instinctive aspects of being a teenager, but when a teen sees no way out of their problems or negative emotions and when depression seeps in, important and life saving measures can and should be made. Introduction: Transitioning into teenage years brings about cognitive, biological, and behavioral changes including formal operational thinking, identity formation, and autonomy. All of these changes bring new stressors

The Effects Of Christianity On Europe During The Medieval...

saiah Page Humanities Brooks 11/29/16 The Effects of Christianity on Europe During the Medieval ages Throughout the history of Europe, the Middle ages or also known as the Medieval period was considered to be between the 5th and the 15th century. The middle ages began as a result of the falling of the Roman empire and went onto the Renaissance. At the basis of just about every European culture, especially in the western section was Christianity. During the middle ages, Christianity, specifically Catholicism, was the only religion recognized and dominated the lives of people from all social classes from peasants to the nobility. Christianity is a monotheistic religion that bases their followings off of one god and his son, Jesus Christ. Throughout history, the beliefs of who is chosen for the afterlife has changed, however, During the middle ages the people of the church believed that there was no pre-determined faith, and your actions determined your eternal life in heaven, which opposed many other beliefs which allowed the church to gain a large following. The church was a hierarch y not only within the church, but also throughout society. They essentially controlled the government, Imposing taxes to the churches from the people, implementing laws, both religious based, and non-religious, and required people to follow the Christian faith, although most people did regardless due to the opportunity that arose from it, and the fear of what would happen to them if they didShow MoreRelatedThe Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Times Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages In the Medieval times, the Roman Catholic Church played a great role in the development of England and had much more power than the Church of today does. In Medieval England, the Roman Catholic Church dominated everyday life and controlled everyone whether it is knights, peasants or kings. The Church was one of the most influential institutions in all of Medieval England and played a large role in education and religion. The Churchs power was so great that they could order and control knightsRead MoreEssay Exam Euh10001386 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Exam #2 West of the World | Virginia Atteberry10/16/2011 | Fall 2011 – EUH1000- Western Civil Thru 1589 - 35290 | 1. Discuss the Lay Investiture struggle and give its effects. What was really at stake? The Lay Investiture struggle was between the people of the Church and the rulers of Europe. The rulers wanted to have power over the church which would require the church officials to become dependent upon the government. Not only would the pope and the other officials of the churchRead MoreMedieval Vs. Medieval Era1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Medieval, or Middle, Ages in Europe have often been called the Dark Ages, since they seem to have been lacking in many ways. However, the Church was always shining the light of the Gospel in even the darkest of places. â€Å"In the very bosom of this doomed society, a power remained which was capable of giving meaning to the drama, of bringing order out of disorder, of integrating the Barbarians into civilization and of using their youthful energies to restore the world to vigor and health. ThisRead MoreMedieval Period in European History1575 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The medieval period in European history begins after the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 C.E., and continued until the early modern period beginning around 1500. The medieval period is split into the sub-categories of early medieval (500-1000), central middle ages (1000-1300), late medieval (1300-1500), and followed by the early modern period (1500-1800). At each of these periods of time important political, economic, social, cultural, religious and scientific changes were beingRead MoreWitchcraft And Superstition In Medieval Europe1654 Words   |  7 PagesWitchcraft and superstition in Medieval Europe The concept of witchcraft and superstition stretches over a long period of time. The idea became familiar around 560 B.C when the two old testaments denounced witches and the belief in them. The idea is said to have originated in Europe, rapidly spreading around the world. Medieval Europe was an era that solely believed in magic, witches and the supernatural. In the Middle Ages witchcraft was viewed as a heinous crime that was punishable by deathRead More The Impact of Charlemagne Upon Europe Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesCharlemagne, or Charles the Great, reigned during a time of much turmoil and upheaval in Europe during middle ages. Charlemagne’s background and family history contributed much to his rise to power. The triumphs of his past lineage prepared him to take on the task of governing the Frankish Empire, and defending it from invaders. Charlemagne accomplished much during his supremacy. He not only brought education back into medieval Europe, but also invented an efficient way to govern his people. HisRead More The Rise Of Christianity Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe rise of Christianity in philosophy One influential cult was based upon a mystical interpretation of Plato. Neo-Platonism was like a rational science that attempted to break down and describe every aspect of the divine essence and its relationship with the human soul. An Alexandrian Jew named Philo tried using Greek philosophy to interpret the Jewish scriptures. He wanted to unite the two traditions by suggesting that the Greek philosophers had been inspired by the same God who had revealedRead MoreThe Crusades During The Middle Ages1152 Words   |  5 Pagesculture after the Middle Ages. The Crusades helped Medieval Europe to flourish and grow out of the Dark Ages. The Crusades affected daily life and caused major effects in political, economical and cultural Medieval Europe. The first Crusade was gaining control over the Holy Land, but the later Crusades were fights over regaining land. The Byzantine Empire fell during the fourth Crusade after an attack on their capital, Constantinople, took place. Trade routes open ed through Europe because of travelingRead MoreFeudalism1025 Words   |  5 PagesExplain how the system known as â€Å"feudalism† worked in Medieval Europe. The bases of feudalism is best described as a social system in Europe throughout the Middle Ages where individuals worked and battled for upper class who gave them protection and the use of the land in return for their services (Merriam-Webster). â€Å"Feudalism† is not a medieval term and not even a translation of a medieval concept (Abels 2010; Brown 2010; Bouchard 1998). In our day and time Feudalism would be difficult and bafflingRead MoreThe Decline of the Medieval Church at the End of the Middle Ages678 Words   |  3 PagesTowards the end of the Middle Ages and into the duration of the Renaissance, the Medieval Church’s social and political power dwindled. Centuries prior the Catholic Church gained a surplus of control, largely due to the stability it maintained during the chaotic breakdown of the Western Roman Empire . Yet toward the end of the Middle Ages the Church set in motion factors that would ultimately lead to its downfall as the definitive figure of authority. However, despite political and social controversy

Contextual Analysis Demonstrates A Patient †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contextual Analysis Demonstrates A Patient? Answer: Introducation The contextual analysis demonstrates the a patient named Alan was admitted to the ward with a comparative issue and needed to experience a surgery called the TURP or Transurethral resection of the prostrate so his side effects can be overcome. Additionally, a multidisciplinary group is likewise required to deal with his negative perspectives legitimately to give him a fantastic life. The paper will be talking about all the above focuses in points of interest. This report will explain the pathophysiology associated with the present medical condition that Alan, the patient under consideration is struggling with and the nursing intervention that is applicable for this situation. It is critical to talk about the etiology and the pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia keeping in mind the end goal to comprehend the seriousness of the patient's condition. Benign Prostrate Hyperplasia is mostly linked with the amplification of prostate organ. The prostate organs generally encompass the urethra, a tube that helps in the passage of urine, carrying it from the bladder outside of the body. This is considered to be one of the consequences of aging in men, where the prostrate organ gets enlarged and accordingly they begin crushing or obstructing the urethra bringing about issues in urinating (Gratzke et al., 2015). Analysts for the most part propose that maturing is one of the hazard factors that prompt these disarranges. Plus, family history and ethnic foundation can likewise go about as supporters of the disarranges. However diabetes and heftiness are the variables that could be the fundamental purpose behind the event of the manifestation. Analysts have rec ommended that both BPH and diabetes share a typical pathogenic system where there is modification of the male hormonal action that gets affected by the IGF (Oelke et al., 2013). There is nearness of insulin like development factor in the prostatic tissues and subsequently there is high shot of these assuming the principle part in event of the scatters. Way of life issues, for example, absence of activity, shameful nourishment, abstain from food, regularly brings about heftiness which likewise turns into a hazard factor for the turmoil, other than that heavy drinking and obesity is considered to be one of the prime reasons leading to this abnormality in the aging men (Vignozzi et al., 2014). While talking about the pathophsysiology of the turmoil, specialists have noticed that is the principle factor behind the event. In the prostate organ there is the sort 2 5-alpha reductase which is in charge of digestion of the flowing testosterone of the people and in this manner changes over th em into the intense androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). As the receptors get invigorated in this situation, there brings about increment of the smooth muscle tone which exacerbate bring down urinary tract indications. At the point when these receptors are blocked, it can bring about reversible activity in this way unwinding the muscles and mitigate of any side effects of LUTS. Transurethral resection of the prostrate is a surgery that utilizes visual instruments and retroscope to trim out the excess tissue of the prostrate that overlaps with the urethral tube which had been obstructing the urine stream (Grocott et al., 2013). After the surgery, it winds up noticeably ordinary to see a few coagulations in the urine as the injury of the patient begins to mend. The appearance of blood clot in the urine is called the hematuria, and there can be various causes leading to the blood releasing into the urine starting from urinary tract infection, kidney infection, kidney and bladder stones, urinary trauma, and benign prostrate hyperplasia. In case of the patient under consideration for this case study, benign prostrate hyperplasia is the reason for the appearance of blood clots in the urine, due to the fact that his bladder was inundated or flushed with water, the blood may get diffused into the blood once the water system is topped. After the surgery, it was seen that the patient's indispensable signs were not appropriate. It is to be sure significance for the medical attendants to screen the patients essential signs after surgery keeping in mind the end goal to build up a thought regarding the state of the patients. The body temperature of Alan was 35 degree Celsius which is in fact lower than the ordinary of 36 or 37 degree Celsius, which generally indicates urine retention by the body. However Alan demonstrated high heartbeat rate of around 128 every moment when the typical heartbeat rate ought to be 60 to 80 thumps for each moment. Heartbeat typically gets higher after operation when there is stress or arrival of blood and fever (Thiele et al., 2015). Other than that, in case of abdominal surgeries, the oxygen therapy can also play a pivotal role in spiking the pulse rate higher than the normal rate even after the surgery is completed. Alan's respiratory rate or the RR is likewise observed to be very high around 30 inhales a moment whic h is considerably higher than the ordinary RR of 15 to 20. The high respiratory rate can be indicative of any post operative lung injury or infection, a rise in the oxygen saturation can also be a significant reason for the same. This might be because of worry of the operation as odds of respiratory issue or any disease or impact of opiates were not noted for the situation ponder. Circulatory strain is the measure of the weight which the blood makes when it courses through the supply routes. The ordinary circulatory strain that ought to be available in an individual is 120/80 mm HG. Hypertension or hypertension can be portrays as the weight which is over 140/90 mm Hg. As Alan's circulatory strain is higher than this for around 160/90 mm Hg, the increase in the respiratory rate and the pulse rate can be significant reasons behind this. Subsequently mediations are should have been taken by the medical attendant to influence it to go under control. Frequently utilization of analgesics at some point raise the pulse for 20 to 30 mmHg (Johnston et al., 2015). The attendant ought to give him powerful drugs like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers which will all assistance by influencing the heart to pulsate all the more gradually and along these lines make the veins loose. The respiratory rate of the patient might be high because of the utilization of anesthesia symptoms or because of his history of liquor drinking. Mechanical ventilation may help the medical attendant to recover back the stable RR of the patient and keep him out of risk. Hypothermia is a life threatening condition, hence the nursing intervention for elevating his body temperature like re-warming the patient by giving warm baths, steam inhalation, heated pads or warm air blankets, etc. The vital individuals who are should have been incorporated into the interdisciplinary groups other than the allotted specialists and furthermore the nursing groups are the dietician, the diabetes patient educators and medication and liquor mishandle instructor, social workers as he is living alone, and alcohol counseling as he is a heavy drinker A multi dimensional group is frequently essential to give a general treatment for the patient with the goal that the diverse social and additionally physical improvement should be possible to the patient other than taking care of the physical indications (King et al., 2017). The specialists and the medical attendants participate in giving the patient alleviation from his present issue by appropriate surgery and after care surgery so she he can get again into his quality life. Diabetes sort 2 teacher assumes a critical part in influencing the patients to create wellbeing proficiency by giving an extensive diabetes instruction to family and th e patient, gather blood glucose at an and help in observation of the result estimations. The diabetes instructor would design the care that will encourage a smooth progress over the care settings. A dietician in the group is likewise essential for Alan to enhance any business related co-morbidities, helping him in advancement of the dietary admissions and furthermore adjustment of the eating designs. These would help the group to guarantee that dietary needs of the patients are met nearby the give weight targets (Holescher et al., 2013). As an individual from the multidisciplinary groups, they will mostly work with Allan to devise individual, reasonable weight reduction focuses in various kind of complex therapeutic cases utilizing proof based practice. They will furnish Allan with a customized, particular and in addition age and socially proper guidance considering the entire states of Allan and not exclusively on his dietary perspectives so he may have positive experience of care (Bleisch et al., 2015). The Substance manhandle instructor would help the group in indentifying the issues of Alan and also hit a discussion with him to know the primary driver. They will then make objectives and treatment gets ready for the patients by showing them suitable ways of dealing with stress alongside various treatment sessions, furnishing the group with updates and advance reports.- he is type 2 diabetes, along with that each member needs to be mentioned about their clinical role and how can they help Alan in gaining speedy recovery, and the nursing professional in charge of him must convey to each member of the health care team for Alan about their clinical roles clearly and precisely. On a concluding it can be said that prostate enlargement or benign prostatic hyperplasia is a more or less common occurrence in the middle aged or aging men, and is rightfully considered as the consequences of aging in general in men. The only clinical intervention to this medical issue however is surgical and TURP is first choice in such situations. Although there can be a number of post operative complications for the patient, and with adequate post operative care plan the patient can be hoped to achieve complete recovery in a very short period of time. References Bleich, S. N., Bandara, S., Bennett, W., Cooper, L. A., Gudzune, K. A. (2015). Enhancing the role of nutrition professionals in weight management: A cross?sectional survey.Obesity,23(2), 454-460. Funk, D. C., Klinkner, G., Kocurek, B., Manchester, C. S., Noskowiak, D. (2017). Role of the Diabetes Educator in Inpatient Diabetes Management.DIABETES EDUCATOR,43(1), 28-33. Gandaglia, G., Briganti, A., Gontero, P., Mondaini, N., Novara, G., Salonia, A., ... Montorsi, F. (2013). The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).BJU international,112(4), 432-441. Gratzke, C., Bachmann, A., Descazeaud, A., Drake, M. J., Madersbacher, S., Mamoulakis, C., ... Gravas, S. (2015). EAU guidelines on the assessment of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction.European urology,67(6), 1099-1109. Grocott, M. P. W., Dushianthan, A., Hamilton, M. A., Mythen, M. G., Harrison, D., Rowan, K., Optimisation Systematic Review Steering Group. (2013). Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes after surgery: a Cochrane Systematic Review.British journal of anaesthesia,111(4), 535-548. Hoelscher, D. M., Kirk, S., Ritchie, L., Cunningham-Sabo, L., Academy Positions Committee. (2013). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: interventions for the prevention and treatment of pediatric overweight and obesity.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,113(10), 1375-1394. Johnston, M. J., Arora, S., King, D., Bouras, G., Almoudaris, A. M., Davis, R., Darzi, A. (2015). A systematic review to identify the factors that affect failure to rescue and escalation of care in surgery.Surgery,157(4), 752-763. King, O., Nancarrow, S., Grace, S., Borthwick, A. (2017). Diabetes educator role boundaries in Australia: a documentary analysis.Journal of Foot and Ankle Research,10(1), 28. Lewis, J. A., Dana, R. Q., Blevins, G. A. (2014).Substance abuse counseling. Cengage Learning. Miller, G. (2014).Learning the language of addiction counseling. John Wiley Sons. Oelke, M., Bachmann, A., Descazeaud, A., Emberton, M., Gravas, S., Michel, M. C., ... Jean, J. (2013). EAU guidelines on the treatment and follow-up of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction.European urology,64(1), 118-140. Shrestha, B., Holcomb, J. B., Camp, E. A., Del Junco, D. J., Cotton, B. A., Albarado, R., ... Moore, L. J. (2015). Damage-control resuscitation increases successful nonoperative management rates and survival after severe blunt liver injury.journal of trauma and acute care surgery,78(2), 336-341. Thiele, R. H., Rea, K. M., Turrentine, F. E., Friel, C. M., Hassinger, T. E., Goudreau, B. J., ... McMurry, T. L. (2015). Standardization of care: impact of an enhanced recovery protocol on length of stay, complications, and direct costs after colorectal surgery.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,220(4), 430-443. Vignozzi, L., Rastrelli, G., Corona, G., Gacci, M., Forti, G., Maggi, M. (2014). Benign prostatic hyperplasia: a new metabolic disease?.Journal of endocrinological investigation,37(4), 313-322.

To An Athlete Dying Young By A.E. Housman Essays -

To an Athlete Dying Young by A.E. Housman Dying young is thought to be one of the most tragic of circumstances. The thoughts of lives wasted, dreams unattained, memories never conceived. It is sad fate uncontrollable by any earthly being. Most people desire to live to a ripe old age as to take full advantage of their time on earth, to experience as much as they can, and would be aghast to have premature death be viewed in a positive light. Yet this thought is the driving force behind "To an Athlete Dying Young" by A.E. Housman. Housman, the speaker of the poem, implies in an ironic tone that it is better to die in one's prime, at the height of glory, as to not suffer from the pain of seeing their accomplishments fade and become meaningless in the eyes of the masses. The setting of the poem is the funeral of a young champion runner. Rather than mourn, Housman reflects on how lucky the athlete was to have died in the height of glory. Housman recalls the time the athlete won a race, gaining him public appreciation, "Man and boy stood cheering by; And home we brought you shoulder-high". The speaker relates this joyous time to the present, where "Shoulder-high we bring you home; And set you at your threshold down". With the phrase "shoulder-high" he connects the race to the funeral procession. The honor of this treatment was endowed the first time for victory, and the final time for homage. The "threshold" symbolizes the grave of the athlete, his entry into the afterlife. The ironic tone of the poem becomes forlorn, almost envious as the speaker ponders upon his own past. Satire presents itself in the line "Smart lad, to slip bedtimes away; From fields where glory does not stay". Here Housman expresses that the athlete was in a way lucky to miss watching himself slip from fame, becoming again just another face in the crowd. He implies that he himself experienced the fate of watching his glories die. "And early though the laurel grows; it withers quicker than the rose". This couplet reflects on the fleeting existence of glory. The laurel represents accomplishments, and the rose life. It is simply saying that although the athlete's glory came early in life, it will not remain memorable in the eyes of society for a long period of time. The records will be broken, new individuals will steal the spotlight. However, Housman proposes that the athlete has escaped this. "Eyes the shady night has shut; Cannot see the record cut". The glory may fade, but this line suggests that it will never die inside of the runner; his glories outlived him. "And silence sounds no worse than cheers; After earth has stopped the ears." Here Housman implies that death is not worse than being in the height of glory, as in both circumstances one perceives invulnerability; they are unaffected by anything outside of their system. Housman reiterates his earlier implications of lament with the fifth stanza of the poem. He suggests that he was one of the "Lads who wore their honors out". In time, his own accomplishments became meaningless to the public. "Runners whom renown outran; And the name died before the man." If around long enough, the prestige will fade, leaving only lost feelings behind. This applies to a person of any status, whether writer or runner. Through his death, the athlete's status as a champion was set. "So set, before its echoes fade; The fleet foot on the sill of shade." The stanza containing this couplet continues on to insinuate that his status will never diminish in his perception. He will never see his records broken. He will not be outdone, as he never falls from the top. Many will come to mourn the young athlete, as his physical being has departed. "And find unwithered on its curls; The garland briefer than a girl's". Although the body is deteriorated, the garland, which symbolized his glories, remains unwithered. Death is not the fall of the man, yet the end of mortality.